PMA2016/Kaduna Round 3 Indicators

Round 1 Sample Design

In Nigeria, the PMA2020 survey collects data at the state-level to allow for the estimation of key indicators to monitor progress in family planning - both at the population and the service delivery points (SDPs) levels. The resident enumerator (RE) model enables replication of the surveys twice a year for the first two years, and annually each year after that, to track progress.

For the first round of data collection in the Kaduna state (PMA2014/Kaduna), the sample was designed to provide state-level estimates with urban-rural stratification, using a two-­stage cluster design. First, the primary sampling unit were selected systematically within the strata with probability proportional to size. The master frame of Enumeration Areas (EAs) was based on the 2006 Nigerian population census. Census enumeration areas in Nigeria are on average 47 households in size. In order to obtain an enumeration area of approximately 200 households, a cluster of EAs was constructed – hereinafter referred to as EA cluster. An index enumeration area, along with a list of contiguous EAs and associated sampling probabilities, were provided by the National Population Commission (NPopC). EAs were combined into EA clusters - primary sampling units in Nigeria - and sampling probabilities were adjusted. A total of 66 EA clusters were selected in Kaduna.

In each selected EA cluster, all households, private health SDPs, and key landmarks in the EA cluster were listed and mapped by trained REs to create a sampling frame for the second stage of the sampling process. Once listed, field supervisors systematically selected 35 households using a random number-generating mobile-phone application. All eligible women in selected households were approached and asked to provide informed consent to participate in the survey.

For the SDP survey, up to three private SDPs, including pharmacies, within each sampled EA cluster boundary were randomly selected from the listing. In addition, three public health SDPs—a health post, a health center, and a district hospital designated to serve the EA population—were selected.

For the SDP survey, up to three private SDPs, including pharmacies, within each sampled EA cluster boundary were randomly selected from the listing. In addition, three public health SDPs—a health post, a health center, and a district hospital designated to serve the EA population—were selected.

Round 3 Sample Design

Data collection for Round 3 continued in the same 66 EA clusters selected in Round 1. Mapping and listing is generally done on an annual basis (typically during the first and third rounds), however due to delays in fieldwork, Round 2 occurred approximately one year after Round 1 and thus listing of households was redone in 2015 for Round 2. Round 3, conducted six months later, used the Round 2 listing. Field supervisors randomly selected 35 households from the updated household listing. A household roster was completed and all eligible women age 15-49 in selected households were approached and asked to provide informed consent to participate in the study.

The majority of SDPs are repeated in each round, forming a panel survey. If an EA had more than three private SDPs identified during the listing process, then a new sample of the private SDPs is selected during each round.

PMA2020 uses standardized questionnaires to gather data about households and individual females that are comparable across program countries and consistent with existing national surveys. Prior to launching the survey in each country, local experts review and modify these questionnaires to ensure all questions are appropriate to each setting. All female questionnaires were translated into the local languages.

The household, female and service delivery point (SDP) questionnaire were based on model surveys designed by PMA2020 staff at the Bill & Melinda Gates Institute for Population and Reproductive Health at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in Baltimore, Maryland, USA, the Center for Evaluation Resources and Development (CRERD) and Bayero University Kano (BUK), and fieldwork materials of the Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (DHS). All PMA2020 questionnaires are administered using Open Data Kit (ODK) software and Android smartphones. The PMA2016/Kaduna-R3 questionnaires were in English and could be switched into local languages (Hausa, Igbo, Pidgin, and Yoruba) on the phone. The questionnaires were translated using available translations from similar population surveys and experts in translation. The interviews were conducted in the local language, or English in a few cases when the respondent was not comfortable with the local language. Female resident enumerators in each enumeration area (EA) administered the household and female questionnaires in the selected households.

The household questionnaire gathers basic information about the household, such as ownership of livestock and durable goods, as well as characteristics of the dwelling unit, including wall, floor and roof materials, water sources, and sanitation facilities. This information is used to construct a wealth quintile index.

The first section of the household questionnaire, the household roster, lists basic demographic information about all usual members of the household and visitors who stayed with the household the night before the interview. This roster is used to identify eligible respondents for the female questionnaire. In addition to the roster, the household questionnaire also gathers data that are used to measure key water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) indicators, including regular sources and uses of WASH facilities used and prevalence of open defecation by household members.

The female questionnaire is used to collect information from all women age 15 to 49 who were listed on the household roster at selected households. The female questionnaire gathers specific information on: education; fertility and fertility preferences; family planning access, choice and use; quality of family planning services; and exposure to family planning messaging in the media.

The SDP questionnaire collected information about the provision and quality of reproductive health services and products, integration of health services, and water and sanitation within the SDP.

Training

The PMA2016/Kaduna-R3 fieldwork training started with a centralized training of field supervisors and central staff in Spring 2016. The training was led by PMA2020 staff from the Center for Research, Evaluation Resources, and Development (CRERD) and Bayero University Kano (BUK), with support from the Bill & Melinda Gates Institute for Population and Reproductive Health at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Field supervisors, supported by the central team and PMA2020 team, then became the trainers for the subsequent resident enumerator (RE) training sessions that took place before the start of data collection.

Throughout the training, resident enumerators (REs) and supervisors were evaluated based on their performance on phone-based assessments. The RE training was conducted primarily in Hausa and English, whereas some small group review sessions were conducted in other local languages.

Supervisors received additional training prior to and after the RE training to further strengthen their supervision skills, including instruction on conducting re-interviews, carrying out random spot checks, and dealing with the local/community leaders and engaging the communities.

Data Collection and Processing

Data collection was conducted between May and June 2016. Unlike traditional paper-and-pencil surveys, PMA2020 uses Open Data Kit (ODK) Collect, an open-source software application, to collect data on mobile phones. All the questionnaires were programmed using this software and installed onto all project smartphones. The ODK questionnaire forms are programmed with automatic skip-patterns and built-in response constraints to reduce data entry errors.

The ODK application enabled REs and supervisors to collect and transfer survey data to a central ODK Aggregate cloud server. This instantaneous aggregation of data allowed for concurrent data processing and course corrections while PMA2020 was still active in the field. Throughout data collection, central staff at CRERD in Nigeria and the data manager at the Gates Institute in Baltimore routinely monitored the incoming data and notified field staff of any potential errors, missing data or problems found with form submissions on the central server. The use of mobile phones combined data collection and data entry into one step; therefore, data entry was completed when the last interview form was uploaded at the end of data collection in June.

Once all data were on the server, data analysts cleaned and de-identified the data, applied survey weights, and prepared the final dataset for analysis using Stata. The findings were shared with government and community stakeholders at a dissemination event on October 21, 2016.

This table shows response rates of household and female respondents for PMA2016/Kaduna Round 3 survey. Of the 2,310 households selected 2,274 (98.4%) households were occupied at the time of the fieldwork. Among the 2,274 potential respondents, 2,242 consented to the household interview (98.6% response rate).

In the selected households 2,927 eligible women age 15 to 49 years were identified and 2,891 of them were interviewed (response rate of 98.8%).

To view the sample errors for the PMA2020 indicators described above, download the full SOI report here. For more information about PMA2020 indicators, including estimate type and base population, click here.